• Understand that a couple is a pair of forces that acts to produce rotation only
• Define and apply the torque of a couple using appropriate formulas
• Calculate the torque produced by couples in various mechanical systems
• Distinguish between the torque of a single force and the torque of a couple
• Apply torque calculations to real-world engineering and everyday situations
• Analyze the rotational effects of force pairs in mechanical systems
• Using precise scientific terminology when describing rotational effects and couples
• Explaining the concept of torque and couples using appropriate technical vocabulary
• Reading and interpreting torque problems written in English with confidence
• Communicating mathematical solutions and reasoning clearly in written English
• Understanding and using rotational terminology (torque, couple, rotation) accurately
• Developing fluency in expressing force relationships and mechanical advantage concepts
| English Term | Russian Translation | Kazakh Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Torque | Крутящий момент | Бұрау моменті |
| Couple | Пара сил | Күштер жұбы |
| Rotation | Вращение | Айналу |
| Force pair | Пара сил | Күш жұбы |
| Perpendicular distance | Перпендикулярное расстояние | Перпендикуляр қашықтық |
| Rotational motion | Вращательное движение | Айналмалы қозғалыс |
| Axis of rotation | Ось вращения | Айналу осі |
| Mechanical advantage | Механическое преимущество | Механикалық артықшылық |
Torque
Definition: The rotational equivalent of force; a measure of how much a force acting on an object causes that object to rotate
Formula: τ = F × r × sin(θ)
Units: Newton-meters (Nm)
Example: A wrench applying force to turn a bolt creates torque
Couple
Definition: A pair of equal and opposite forces whose lines of action do not coincide
Key Property: Produces pure rotation without translation
Formula: Torque of couple = F × d
Example: Turning a steering wheel or using both hands to open a jar
Rotation
Definition: Motion of an object around a center or axis
Characteristics: Every point moves in a circle around the axis
Relationship: Caused by unbalanced torques acting on objects
Example: A spinning wheel, rotating door, or turning gear
Mechanical Advantage
Definition: The ratio of output force to input force in a machine
In Rotation: Related to the ratio of lever arms in rotational systems
Purpose: Allows small forces to produce large effects
Example: A long wrench providing greater turning power
Torque
Torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force. It is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis. The magnitude of torque depends on three factors: the magnitude of the applied force, the distance from the axis of rotation to the point where force is applied, and the angle between the force vector and the lever arm.
Couple
A couple is a system of two parallel forces that are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and do not share the same line of action. The primary characteristic of a couple is that it produces pure rotational motion without any translational motion. The torque produced by a couple is independent of the choice of axis and depends only on the magnitude of the forces and the perpendicular distance between their lines of action.
Axis of Rotation
The axis of rotation is an imaginary line about which an object rotates. For a couple, the axis of rotation can be any line perpendicular to the plane containing the two forces. Unlike the torque of a single force, which depends on the choice of axis, the torque of a couple remains constant regardless of where the axis is chosen, as long as it is perpendicular to the plane of the forces.
Rotational Motion
Rotational motion is the motion of an object around a center or axis. When a couple acts on an object, it produces pure rotational motion because the forces are balanced (no net force) but create a net torque. This is different from the motion produced by a single force, which typically causes both translational and rotational motion unless the force passes through the center of mass.
Torque Fundamentals
is the of force in linear motion. Just as force causes in linear motion, torque causes in rotational motion.For a single force applied at a distance from an , the torque is calculated using:
Where:
τ = torque (Newton-meters)
F = applied force (Newtons)
r = distance from axis (meters)
θ = angle between force and lever arm
When the force is applied to the lever arm, sin(θ) = 1, and the formula simplifies to τ = F × r.
Understanding Couples
A is a special system consisting of two forces that are:
•
•
•
The key characteristic of a couple is that it produces without any . This is because the is zero, but there is a .
Where F is the magnitude of each force and d is the perpendicular distance between the lines of action
Properties of Couples
Couples have several :
1. Independence from Axis: The of a couple is the same regardless of the , as long as the axis is to the plane containing the forces.
2. No Resultant Force: The of the forces in a couple is zero, meaning there is no net force to cause .
3. Pure Rotation: A couple can only cause an object to about an axis, not to through space.