- Understand that thermal energy transfers from regions of higher temperature to lower temperature
- Recognize that regions of equal temperature are in thermal equilibrium
- Identify physical properties used for temperature measurement: liquid density, gas volume at constant pressure, metal resistance, thermocouple EMF
- Provide examples of thermometric variables and explain their operation
- Use terms “thermal equilibrium,” “thermometric property,” “steady state,” “EMF” accurately
- Explain energy transfer processes clearly in academic English
- Describe how physical properties vary with temperature using precise vocabulary
- Interpret experimental instructions and report results effectively
| English Term | Russian | Kazakh |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature | Температура | Температура |
| Thermal equilibrium | Тепловое равновесие | Тепе-теңдік |
| Density (liquid) | Плотность (жидкости) | Тығыздық (сұйықтық) |
| Gas volume (constant p) | Объем газа (p = const) | Газ көлемі (p тұрақты) |
| Electrical resistance | Сопротивление | Кедергі |
| Thermocouple EMF | ЭДС термопары | Термопара ЭҚК |
| Thermometer | Термометр | Термометр |
Temperature
Definition: Measure of average kinetic energy of particles
Instrument: Thermometer
Thermal Equilibrium
Definition: State where no net heat flows between regions
Condition: Same temperature throughout
Liquid Density Thermometer
Principle: Density decreases as temperature rises
Example: Mercury thermometer
Gas Volume Thermometer
Principle: Volume increases with temperature at constant pressure
Example: Gas thermometer
Temperature
The property that quantifies thermal energy level of a body, indicating hot or cold.
Russian: Свойство, характеризующее тепловое состояние тела, указывающее на его «горячесть» или «холодность».Kazakh: Заттың θερмикалық күйін сипаттайтын қасиет, оның «ыстықтығын» немесе «суықтығын» көрсетеді.
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Thermal Equilibrium
Condition when two or more bodies in contact reach the same temperature and no net heat transfer occurs.
Russian: Состояние, при котором соприкасающиеся тела достигают одинаковой температуры и тепловой поток прекращается.Kazakh: Қосылған денелер бір температураға жеткенде және жылу алмасу тоқтаған кезде болатын күй.
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Thermocouple EMF
Electromotive force generated at the junction of two dissimilar metals as temperature changes.
Russian: Электродвижущая сила, возникающая на стыке двух разных металлов при изменении температуры.Kazakh: Сыртқы температура өзгергенде екі түрлі металдың түйісуінде пайда болатын электрокүші.
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When two bodies at different temperatures come into contact, heat flows from the hotter to the colder until both reach <su_tooltip text="тепловое равновесие/тепе-теңдік" behavior="click"]thermal equilibrium[/su_tooltip]. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. Various <su_tooltip text="термометрические свойства/температураны өлшеу қасиеттері" behavior="click"]thermometric properties[/su_tooltip]—liquid density, gas volume at constant pressure, metal resistance, thermocouple EMF—vary predictably with temperature and can be calibrated to measure it.
Fill in the Blanks
- In thermal equilibrium, two bodies have the same _______.
- Liquid density _______ as temperature _______.
- At constant pressure, gas volume is _______ proportional to absolute temperature.
- Metal resistance typically _______ with increasing temperature.
- Thermocouple EMF is generated at the _______ of two metals.
Example 1: Mixing Two Water Samples
100 g water at 80 °C is mixed with 200 g at 20 °C. Find final temperature (c=4.18 J/g·K).
Investigate gas volume vs temperature using PhET:
In groups, complete this Quizizz on thermal concepts:
Alternatively, try this LearningApps exercise:
Solve these structured questions:
- Derive the condition for thermal equilibrium using the zeroth law of thermodynamics.
- Design a liquid-in-glass thermometer using ethanol; specify range and scale.
- Explain how a thermocouple can measure temperature differences and how to calibrate it.
- Compare advantages and disadvantages of gas vs resistance thermometers for precision.
- Analyze an experiment measuring density change of water with temperature; include error analysis.
- How confident am I in explaining thermal equilibrium?
- Which thermometric property seems most practical and why?
- What challenges did I face in problem-solving today?
- How will I apply temperature measurement techniques in real experiments?