- Recall and use the fact that the mean power in a resistive load is half the maximum power for a sinusoidal alternating current.
- Students will be able to define and explain key terms such as alternating current (AC), sinusoidal, resistive load, instantaneous power, maximum power, mean power, and root mean square (RMS) values in English.
- Students will be able to explain why mean power is a significant concept for AC circuits.
- Students will be able to describe and use the relationship Pmean = 1/2Pmax for a sinusoidal AC in a resistive load.
- Students will be able to apply formulas to calculate mean and maximum power in resistive AC circuits, articulating their reasoning in English.
Let’s familiarize ourselves with the key terms for this topic. Төмендегі кестеде осы тақырып бойынша негізгі терминдер берілген.
| English Term | Russian Translation (Перевод на русский) | Kazakh Translation (Қазақша аудармасы) |
|---|---|---|
| Alternating Current (AC) | Переменный ток (ПТ) | Айнымалы ток (АТ) |
| Sinusoidal Current | Синусоидальный ток | Синусоидалы ток |
| Resistive Load | Резистивная нагрузка (Активная нагрузка) | Резистивті жүктеме (Активті жүктеме) |
| Instantaneous Power (p) | Мгновенная мощность (p) | Лездік қуат (p) |
| Maximum Power (Pmax or P0) | Максимальная мощность (Pмакс или P0) | Максималды қуат (Pмакс немесе P0) |
| Mean Power (Pmean or <P>) | Средняя мощность (Pср или <P>) | Орташа қуат (Pорт немесе <P>) |
| Root Mean Square (RMS) Current (Irms) | Действующее (среднеквадратичное) значение тока (Iдейст) | Токтың әсерлік (орташа квадраттық) мәні (Iәсер) |
| Root Mean Square (RMS) Voltage (Vrms) | Действующее (среднеквадратичное) значение напряжения (Vдейст) | Кернеудің әсерлік (орташа квадраттық) мәні (Vәсер) |
| Peak Value (I0, V0) | Амплитудное значение (I0, V0) | Амплитудалық мән (I0, V0) |
| Period (T) | Период (T) | Период (T) |
| Frequency (f) | Частота (f) | Жиілік (f) |
To help you memorize these terms, you can use flashcards. Check out this set on Quizlet (or create your own!):
Search for AC Power & RMS Flashcards on Quizlet
Alternatively, create physical flashcards for active recall.
Understand the definitions of key concepts. Төменде негізгі ұғымдардың анықтамалары берілген.
- Alternating Current (AC): Electric current that periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time, typically sinusoidally.
- Sinusoidal Current: An alternating current that varies with time according to a sine function (e.g., i = I0 sin(ωt)).
- Resistive Load: A component in an electrical circuit that offers opposition to current flow, converting electrical energy into heat energy, and where the current and voltage are in phase.
- Instantaneous Power (p): The power dissipated or supplied in a circuit component at a specific instant in time. For a resistor, p = i2R = v2/R = vi, where i and v are instantaneous values.
- Maximum Power (Pmax or P0): The peak value of the instantaneous power in an AC circuit. For a sinusoidal current I0sin(ωt) in a resistor R, Pmax = I02R.
- Mean Power (Pmean or <P>): The average power dissipated or supplied over one complete cycle of alternating current. For a sinusoidal AC in a resistive load, Pmean = 1/2 Pmax. Also Pmean = IrmsVrms = Irms2R = Vrms2/R.
- Root Mean Square (RMS) Value: The effective value of an alternating current or voltage. It is the value of a direct current (or voltage) that would produce the same heating effect (power dissipation) in a resistor as the alternating current (or voltage). For sinusoidal waveforms, Vrms = V0/√2 and Irms = I0/√2.
In circuits with alternating current (AC), quantities like voltage, current, and power are constantly changing. Therefore, it’s often more useful to talk about average or effective values, especially for power.
1. Alternating Current and Voltage in a Resistive Load
A sinusoidal alternating current can be represented by the equation:
i = I0 sin(ωt)
Where ‘i’ is the current, I0 is the peak (maximum) current, ω is the angular frequency (ω = 2πf, where f is the frequency), and t is time.
If this current flows through a purely resistive load R, the instantaneous voltage ‘v’ across the resistor is in phase with the current and is given by Ohm’s Law (v = iR):
v = (I0R) sin(ωt) = V0 sin(ωt)
Where V0 = I0R is the peak (maximum) voltage.
2. Instantaneous Power (p)
The instantaneous power ‘p’ dissipated in the resistor at any time ‘t’ is the product of the instantaneous current ‘i’ and instantaneous voltage ‘v’:
p = iv
p = (I0 sin(ωt)) * (V0 sin(ωt))
p = I0V0 sin2(ωt)
Since V0 = I0R, we can also write:
p = I02R sin2(ωt)
Or, using V0:
p = (V02/R) sin2(ωt)
Key features of instantaneous power in a resistive load:
- Since sin2(ωt) is always positive or zero (it varies between 0 and 1), the instantaneous power ‘p’ is always positive or zero. This means power is always being dissipated by the resistor, never returned to the source.
- The power pulsates at twice the frequency of the current or voltage (because sin2(ωt) = 1/2(1 — cos(2ωt))).
3. Maximum Power (Pmax)
The instantaneous power p = I02R sin2(ωt) is maximum when sin2(ωt) = 1.
So, the maximum power Pmax (or P0) is:
Pmax = I02R
Alternatively, Pmax = V02/R or Pmax = I0V0.
4. Mean Power (Pmean)
Since the instantaneous power varies, the (or average) power over one complete cycle is a more useful measure of the energy dissipation rate.
Pmean = average of (I02R sin2(ωt)) over one cycle.
Since I02R is constant, Pmean = I02R * (average of sin2(ωt) over one cycle).
The average value of sin2(ωt) over one complete cycle is 1/2.
[Image of График sin^2(ωt) показывающий среднее значение 1/2]
Therefore, the mean power Pmean is:
Pmean = I02R * (1/2)
Pmean = 1/2 I02R
Comparing this with the maximum power Pmax = I02R, we get the key relationship:
Pmean = 1/2 Pmax
This means that for a sinusoidal alternating current in a resistive load, the mean power dissipated is half the maximum (peak) power dissipated.
5. Root Mean Square (RMS) Values and Mean Power
RMS values are effective values for AC. The RMS current (Irms) is the value of DC that would dissipate the same mean power in the same resistor.
For sinusoidal AC:
Irms = I0 / √2
Vrms = V0 / √2
The mean power can also be expressed using RMS values, similar to DC power formulas:
Pmean = Irms2R
Pmean = Vrms2/R
Pmean = IrmsVrms (for a resistive load)
Let’s check consistency:
Pmean = Irms2R = (I0/√2)2R = (I02/2)R = 1/2 I02R.
Since Pmax = I02R, this confirms that Pmean = 1/2 Pmax.
Check Your Understanding / Өзіңді тексер:
- Easy: What is the relationship between mean power and maximum power for a sinusoidal AC in a purely resistive load?
[/su_spoiler] - Medium: An AC current in a resistor is given by i = 4.0 sin(100πt) A. If the resistance is 10 Ω, what is the maximum power dissipated and what is the mean power dissipated?
[/su_spoiler] - Medium: The RMS voltage across a 50 Ω resistor is 120 V. Calculate the mean power dissipated in the resistor and the peak power dissipated.
[/su_spoiler] - Hard (Critical Thinking): A DC source of 10V is connected to a 5Ω resistor. Then, an AC source with a peak voltage of 10V is connected to the same 5Ω resistor. Compare the power dissipated in both cases. Which source delivers more average power and why?
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Activity 1: Relationship Check
For a sinusoidal AC in a resistive load, state the relationship between:
- Mean Power (Pmean) and Maximum Power (Pmax): Pmean = _________
- RMS Current (Irms) and Peak Current (I0): Irms = _________
- RMS Voltage (Vrms) and Peak Voltage (V0): Vrms = _________
- Mean Power (Pmean), RMS Current (Irms), and Resistance (R): Pmean = _________
Activity 2: Why Mean Power?
Briefly explain why ‘mean power’ is a more useful quantity than ‘maximum power’ when describing the energy consumption of most AC appliances.
[Image of Различные бытовые электроприборы] [/su_spoiler]Watch this video for a visual explanation of mean and maximum power in AC circuits:
This video explains the concepts of instantaneous, maximum, and mean power for AC in resistive loads.
Further viewing:
Problem 1: A resistor of 20 Ω is connected to an AC supply. The peak current through the resistor is 5.0 A.
a) Calculate the maximum power dissipated in the resistor.
b) Calculate the mean power dissipated in the resistor.
[Image of Резистор, подключенный к источнику переменного тока]
a) Pmax = I02R = (5.0 A)2 * 20 Ω = 25 * 20 = 500 W
b) Pmean = 1/2 Pmax = 1/2 * 500 W = 250 W
Resistance, R = 20 Ω
Peak current, I0 = 5.0 A
a) Calculate the maximum power (Pmax):
The maximum power dissipated in a resistor in an AC circuit is given by:
Pmax = I02R
Substitute the given values:
Pmax = (5.0 A)2 * (20 Ω)
Pmax = 25 A2 * 20 Ω
Pmax = 500 W
b) Calculate the mean power (Pmean):
The mean power dissipated is half the maximum power for a sinusoidal AC in a resistive load:
Pmean = 1/2 Pmax
Pmean = 1/2 * 500 W
Pmean = 250 W
Problem 2: An electric lamp is rated at 60 W when used with a 240 V RMS AC mains supply. Assume the lamp filament is a pure resistor.
a) Calculate the RMS current through the lamp.
b) Calculate the peak current through the lamp.
c) Calculate the maximum instantaneous power dissipated by the lamp.
[Image of Электрическая лампа, подключенная к сети]
a) Pmean = IrmsVrms => Irms = Pmean / Vrms = 60 W / 240 V = 0.25 A
b) Irms = I0 / √2 => I0 = Irms * √2 = 0.25 A * √2 ≈ 0.354 A
c) Pmax = 2 * Pmean = 2 * 60 W = 120 W
(Alternatively, Pmax = I0V0. V0 = Vrms√2 = 240√2 ≈ 339.4V. Pmax ≈ 0.354A * 339.4V ≈ 120W)
Mean power, Pmean = 60 W
RMS voltage, Vrms = 240 V
a) Calculate the RMS current (Irms):
For a resistive load, Pmean = IrmsVrms.
So, Irms = Pmean / Vrms
Irms = 60 W / 240 V
Irms = 0.25 A
b) Calculate the peak current (I0):
The relationship between RMS current and peak current is Irms = I0 / √2.
So, I0 = Irms * √2
I0 = 0.25 A * √2
I0 ≈ 0.25 A * 1.414
I0 ≈ 0.3535 A (approx. 0.354 A)
c) Calculate the maximum instantaneous power (Pmax):
The mean power is half the maximum power: Pmean = 1/2 Pmax.
So, Pmax = 2 * Pmean
Pmax = 2 * 60 W
Pmax = 120 W
Alternatively, we can find the peak voltage V0 = Vrms * √2 = 240 V * √2 ≈ 339.4 V.
Then Pmax = I0V0 ≈ (0.3535 A) * (339.4 V) ≈ 119.97 W ≈ 120 W.
Or, find resistance R = Vrms2 / Pmean = (2402)/60 = 960 Ω. Then Pmax = I02R = (0.3535)2 * 960 ≈ 120W.
Explore AC circuits using the PhET «Circuit Construction Kit: AC».
Simulation Link: Circuit Construction Kit: AC Simulation
Or embed if possible (check WordPress compatibility):
Tasks:
- Build a simple circuit with an AC voltage source and a resistor.
- Use the voltmeter and ammeter (Chart view) to observe the sinusoidal nature of voltage and current. Note the peak values (V0, I0).
- Calculate the RMS values (Vrms = V0/√2, Irms = I0/√2).
- Calculate the maximum power (Pmax = I0V0 or I02R).
- Calculate the mean power (Pmean = IrmsVrms or 1/2Pmax).
- Change the AC voltage or resistance and observe how the peak and RMS values change, and consequently, how Pmax and Pmean change. Verify the Pmean = 1/2Pmax relationship.
Task: AC Power Graph Analysis with GoConqr or Formative
In pairs or small groups:
- You are given the following graph showing the instantaneous current ‘i’ through a 20 Ω resistor as a function of time ‘t’.
[Image of График синусоидального тока i(t) с указанием пикового значения и периода]
(Assume the peak current I0 is 3.0 A and the period T is 0.02 s). - From the graph (or given values):
a) Determine the peak current I0.
b) Calculate the RMS current Irms.
c) Calculate the peak voltage V0 across the resistor.
d) Calculate the RMS voltage Vrms across the resistor.
e) Calculate the maximum instantaneous power Pmax dissipated.
f) Calculate the mean power Pmean dissipated. - Sketch the graph of instantaneous power ‘p’ against time ‘t’ for one cycle. Clearly label Pmax and indicate Pmean on your power graph.
- Use a tool like GoConqr (e.g., create a slide deck or a note explaining your steps and showing the graphs) or Formative (create a short assignment with your calculations and graph sketch) to present your analysis.
Answer the following questions. Show all your working where calculations are required.
- Analysis/Application: An AC supply provides a sinusoidal voltage with a peak value of 325 V. It is connected to a heating element with a resistance of 50 Ω.
a) Calculate the RMS voltage of the supply.
b) Calculate the RMS current through the heating element.
c) Calculate the mean power dissipated by the heating element.
d) Calculate the maximum instantaneous power dissipated by the heating element.
[/su_spoiler] - Analysis/Synthesis: A 1.5 kW electric kettle is designed to operate from a 230 V RMS AC supply.
a) Calculate the resistance of the kettle’s heating element.
b) Calculate the peak current drawn by the kettle.
c) What is the maximum instantaneous power of the kettle?
[/su_spoiler] - Synthesis/Application: The mean power dissipated in a 100 Ω resistor is 50 W when connected to a sinusoidal AC source.
a) Calculate the RMS current in the resistor.
b) Calculate the peak voltage of the AC source.
[/su_spoiler] - Analysis/Evaluation: An AC voltage is described by v = 170 sin(120πt) V. This voltage is applied across a 30 Ω resistor.
a) What is the peak voltage and the RMS voltage?
b) What is the peak current and the RMS current?
c) What is the maximum instantaneous power?
d) What is the mean power dissipated?
[/su_spoiler] - Critical Thinking/Design: A student has two identical resistors. They can connect them to an AC source (with fixed Vrms) in series or in parallel. In which configuration (series or parallel) will the total mean power dissipated be greater? Explain your reasoning using relevant formulas.
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- Save My Exams (A-Level Physics CIE — Alternating Currents):
- RMS & Peak Values: Save My Exams — RMS & Peak Values
- Mean Power in AC: Save My Exams — Mean Power
- PhysicsAndMathsTutor (A-Level CIE — Alternating Currents): PhysicsAndMathsTutor — Alternating Currents
- Khan Academy (AC circuits — RMS and average power): Khan Academy — RMS and Average Power
- HyperPhysics (Alternating Current Power): HyperPhysics — AC Power
- YouTube — Problem Solving (Mean Power AC): Search for Mean Power AC Problem Solving Videos
Take a few moments to reflect on what you’ve learned:
- Why is it important to distinguish between peak power and mean power in AC circuits?
- How does the concept of RMS values simplify power calculations in AC circuits with resistive loads?
- Think of an everyday electrical appliance. Does its power rating refer to peak power or mean power? Why is this distinction relevant to the consumer?