- Define magnetic flux as the product of the magnetic flux density and the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic flux density.
- Recall and use Φ = BA.
- Understand and use the concept of magnetic flux linkage.
- Students will be able to define and explain key terms such as magnetic flux, magnetic flux density, cross-sectional area, and magnetic flux linkage in English.
- Students will be able to describe the relationship Φ = BA and explain its components.
- Students will be able to discuss how the orientation of the area relative to the magnetic field affects magnetic flux.
- Students will be able to explain the concept of magnetic flux linkage for a coil with multiple turns.
- Students will be able to apply the formulas for magnetic flux and flux linkage to solve problems, articulating their reasoning in English.
Let’s familiarize ourselves with the key terms for this topic. Төмендегі кестеде осы тақырып бойынша негізгі терминдер берілген.
English Term | Russian Translation (Перевод на русский) | Kazakh Translation (Қазақша аудармасы) |
---|---|---|
Magnetic Flux (Φ) | Магнитный поток (Φ) | Магниттік ағын (Φ) |
Magnetic Flux Density (B) | Магнитная индукция (B) (Плотность магнитного потока) | Магниттік ағын тығыздығы (B) (Магнит индукциясы) |
Area (A) | Площадь (A) | Аудан (A) |
Cross-sectional Area | Площадь поперечного сечения | Көлденең қима ауданы |
Perpendicular | Перпендикулярный | Перпендикуляр |
Magnetic Flux Linkage (NΦ) | Потокосцепление (NΦ) | Магниттік ағын ілінісуі (NΦ) (Толық магниттік ағын) |
Number of turns (N) | Число витков (N) | Орам саны (N) |
Weber (Wb) | Вебер (Вб) | Вебер (Вб) |
Tesla (T) | Тесла (Тл) | Тесла (Тл) |
Coil | Катушка | Катушка (Орам) |
To help you memorize these terms, you can use flashcards. Check out this set on Quizlet (or create your own!):
Search for Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage Flashcards on Quizlet
Alternatively, create physical flashcards for active recall.
Understand the definitions of key concepts. Төменде негізгі ұғымдардың анықтамалары берілген.
- Magnetic Flux (Φ): A measure of the total magnetic field passing through a given area. It is the product of the component of the magnetic flux density perpendicular to the area and the cross-sectional area. Φ = BA (when B is perpendicular to A). Unit: Weber (Wb).
- Magnetic Flux Density (B): Also known as magnetic field strength or magnetic induction. It is a vector quantity representing the strength and direction of a magnetic field. Unit: Tesla (T). 1 T = 1 Wb m-2.
- Magnetic Flux Linkage (NΦ): The product of the number of turns (N) in a coil and the magnetic flux (Φ) passing through each turn of the coil. NΦ = NBA (when B is perpendicular to A for each turn). Unit: Weber (Wb) or Weber-turns.
- Weber (Wb): The SI unit of magnetic flux. One weber is the magnetic flux that, linking a circuit of one turn, would produce in it an electromotive force of one volt if it were reduced to zero at a uniform rate in one second.
Understanding magnetic flux and flux linkage is essential for studying electromagnetic induction, which is the principle behind electric generators and transformers.
1. Magnetic Flux (Φ)
Magnetic flux (symbol Φ, Greek letter Phi) is a measure of the amount of magnetic field passing through a given area. Imagine magnetic field lines; magnetic flux quantifies how many of these lines pass through a specific surface.
If a magnetic field with flux density B passes
through an area A, the magnetic flux Φ is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and the area:Φ = B A
Where:
- Φ is the magnetic flux, measured in Webers (Wb).
- B is the magnetic flux density (strength of the magnetic field), measured in Tesla (T). (Note: 1 T = 1 Wb m-2)
- A is the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, measured in square meters (m2).
It’s crucial that the area A is the area that is perpendicular to the magnetic field lines. If the magnetic field lines are not perpendicular to the surface, but make an angle θ with the normal to the surface, then the formula becomes Φ = BA cos θ. However, for AS Level, the primary focus is often on cases where B is perpendicular to A, or A is defined as the area perpendicular to B.
One Weber (1 Wb) is the amount of magnetic flux if a magnetic field of 1 Tesla passes perpendicularly through an area of 1 square meter.
2. Magnetic Flux Linkage (NΦ)
Often, we are interested in the magnetic flux passing through a coil of wire with multiple turns. If a coil has N turns, and the magnetic flux passing through each individual turn is Φ, then the magnetic flux linkage (sometimes called total flux or linked flux) is defined as:
Magnetic Flux Linkage = N Φ
Substituting Φ = BA (for B perpendicular to A for each turn):
NΦ = N B A
Where:
- NΦ is the magnetic flux linkage, measured in Webers (Wb) or sometimes Weber-turns.
- N is the number of turns in the coil (dimensionless).
- B is the magnetic flux density through each turn (T).
- A is the cross-sectional area of each turn perpendicular to B (m2).
Magnetic flux linkage is a very important concept because, according to Faraday’s Law of Induction, the
of the induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) in a coil is directly to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage through the coil. This means if NΦ changes, an e.m.f. is induced.Check Your Understanding / Өзіңді тексер:
- Easy: Define magnetic flux in words and state its SI unit.
[/su_spoiler] - Medium: A rectangular coil of 50 turns has dimensions 10 cm by 5 cm. It is placed in a uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.2 T such that the field is perpendicular to the plane of the coil. Calculate the magnetic flux linkage through the coil.
[/su_spoiler] - Medium: If the magnetic flux density through a circular loop of area 0.02 m2 is 0.5 T and is perpendicular to the loop, what is the magnetic flux? If the loop is then tilted so that the angle between the field and the normal to the loop is 60°, what is the new magnetic flux?
[/su_spoiler] - Hard (Critical Thinking): A square coil of N turns and side length ‘L’ is placed in a uniform magnetic field B. The coil is initially oriented such that its plane is perpendicular to the field. It is then rotated by 90° so that its plane is parallel to the field. What is the change in magnetic flux linkage through the coil? Explain the significance of this change in the context of electromagnetic induction.
[/su_spoiler]
Activity 1: Define in Your Own Words
- Magnetic Flux (Φ): _________________________________________________________
- Magnetic Flux Linkage (NΦ): ____________________________________________________
- Weber (Wb): ___________________________________________________________
Activity 2: Formula Match
Match the quantity with its correct formula (assuming B is perpendicular to A):
Quantity: A. Magnetic Flux B. Magnetic Flux Linkage C. Magnetic Flux Density unit | Formula/Unit: 1. N B A 2. Wb m-2 3. B A |
Watch this video for a visual explanation of magnetic flux and flux linkage:
This video explains the concepts of magnetic flux and how it relates to flux linkage in coils.
Further viewing:
Problem 1: A circular loop of wire with a radius of 5.0 cm is placed in a uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.040 T. The field is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. Calculate the magnetic flux through the loop.
[Image of Круговая петля в перпендикулярном магнитном поле]
Area A = πr2 = π * (0.050 m)2 ≈ 0.007854 m2
B = 0.040 T
Φ = BA = (0.040 T) * (0.007854 m2) ≈ 3.14 x 10-4 Wb (or 0.314 mWb)
Radius of the loop, r = 5.0 cm = 0.050 m
Magnetic flux density, B = 0.040 T
The field is perpendicular to the plane of the loop.
1. Calculate the area of the loop (A):
The area of a circular loop is given by A = πr2.
A = π * (0.050 m)2
A = π * 0.0025 m2
A ≈ 3.14159 * 0.0025 m2
A ≈ 0.007853975 m2
2. Calculate the magnetic flux (Φ):
Since the field is perpendicular to the plane of the loop, the formula for magnetic flux is:
Φ = B * A
Φ = (0.040 T) * (0.007853975 m2)
Φ ≈ 0.000314159 Wb
Φ ≈ 3.14 x 10-4 Wb
Alternatively, Φ ≈ 0.314 mWb (milliWebers).
The magnetic flux through the loop is approximately 3.14 x 10-4 Wb.
Problem 2: A flat coil has 200 turns, each of area 2.5 x 10-3 m2. The coil is placed so that its plane is perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of flux density 60 mT. Calculate the magnetic flux linkage for this coil.
[Image of Катушка с несколькими витками в магнитном поле]
A = 2.5 x 10-3 m2
B = 60 mT = 60 x 10-3 T = 0.060 T
Flux linkage NΦ = NBA
NΦ = 200 * (0.060 T) * (2.5 x 10-3 m2) = 0.03 Wb
Number of turns, N = 200
Area of each turn, A = 2.5 x 10-3 m2
Magnetic flux density, B = 60 mT = 60 x 10-3 T = 0.060 T
The plane of the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
Formula:
The magnetic flux linkage is given by NΦ = N B A (since the field is perpendicular to the area of each turn).
Calculation:
NΦ = N * B * A
NΦ = 200 * (0.060 T) * (2.5 x 10-3 m2)
NΦ = 200 * 0.060 * 0.0025 Wb
NΦ = 12 * 0.0025 Wb
NΦ = 0.03 Wb
The magnetic flux linkage for this coil is 0.03 Wb.
Explore magnetic flux using the PhET «Faraday’s Law» simulation. While it focuses on induced EMF, you can observe how flux changes.
Simulation Link: Faraday’s Law Simulation
Or embed if possible (check WordPress compatibility):
Tasks:
- Select the «Pickup Coil» tab. Observe the magnetic field lines from the bar magnet.
- Move the coil into the magnetic field. How does the number of field lines passing through the coil (representing flux) change as you move it closer to or further from the magnet?
- Change the area of the coil (if possible in the sim, or imagine doing so). How would increasing the coil’s area affect the magnetic flux through it when placed in the same position in the field?
- Rotate the coil in the magnetic field. How does the flux through the coil change as its orientation relative to the field lines changes? When is the flux maximum? When is it minimum (or zero)?
Task: Flux Linkage Calculations with Quizizz
In pairs or small groups:
- A square coil of side 4.0 cm has 150 turns. It is placed in a uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.50 T. Calculate the magnetic flux linkage when:
a) The plane of the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
b) The plane of the coil makes an angle of 30° with the magnetic field lines. (Careful: the angle in Φ = BA cos θ is between B and the normal to the area).
c) The plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field. - Discuss the differences in your answers and why they occur.
- Create a 3-question quiz on Quizizz based on these calculations or similar scenarios involving different angles and coil parameters.
- Challenge another group to take your quiz.
Answer the following questions. Show all your working where calculations are required.
- Analysis/Application: A circular coil of radius 8.0 cm has 75 turns. It is situated in a uniform magnetic field of 0.12 T. Calculate the maximum possible magnetic flux linkage for this coil and state the orientation of the coil relative to the field for this to occur.
[/su_spoiler] - Analysis/Synthesis: A rectangular coil measuring 15 cm by 10 cm consists of 300 turns. It is placed in a magnetic field such that the magnetic flux linkage is 0.045 Wb. If the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the field, calculate the magnetic flux density B.
[/su_spoiler] - Synthesis/Application: A search coil with 500 turns, each of area 4.0 cm2, is used to measure a magnetic field. The coil is initially placed with its plane perpendicular to the field and then rapidly removed from the field to a region of zero field. This process induces an average e.m.f. of 0.20 V over a time of 0.050 s.
a) Calculate the initial magnetic flux linkage through the coil. (Hint: ε = -Δ(NΦ)/Δt)
b) Calculate the magnetic flux density of the field.
[/su_spoiler] - Analysis/Evaluation: Two coils, X and Y, are placed in the same uniform magnetic field such that their planes are perpendicular to the field lines. Coil X has 100 turns and an area of 5.0 cm2. Coil Y has 200 turns and an area of 2.5 cm2. Compare the magnetic flux through a single turn of coil X with that through a single turn of coil Y. Compare the total magnetic flux linkage for coil X with that for coil Y.
[/su_spoiler] - Critical Thinking/Design: A student suggests that magnetic flux linkage is a vector quantity because magnetic flux density B is a vector and area A can also be represented by a vector (normal to the surface). Critically evaluate this statement.
[/su_spoiler]
- Save My Exams (A-Level Physics CIE — Magnetic Fields):
- Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage: Save My Exams — Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage
- PhysicsAndMathsTutor (A-Level CIE — Electromagnetic Induction): PhysicsAndMathsTutor — Electromagnetic Induction (Includes Flux and Flux Linkage)
- Khan Academy (Magnetic flux): Khan Academy — Magnetic Flux
- HyperPhysics (Magnetic Flux): HyperPhysics — Magnetic Flux
- YouTube — Problem Solving (Magnetic Flux & Linkage): Search for Magnetic Flux Problem Solving Videos
Take a few moments to reflect on what you’ve learned:
- What is the difference between magnetic flux and magnetic flux linkage? Why is flux linkage particularly important for coils?
- How does the orientation of an area with respect to magnetic field lines affect the magnetic flux through that area?
- Can you think of a device where understanding and manipulating magnetic flux linkage is crucial for its operation? Explain briefly.