- 19.2.1 Determine the electric potential energy stored in a capacitor from the area under the potential–charge graph.
- 19.2.2 Recall and use W = 1/2QV = 1/2CV2.
- 19.3.1 Analyse graphs of the variation with time of potential difference, charge and current for a capacitor discharging through a resistor.
- 19.3.2 Recall and use τ = RC for the time constant for a capacitor discharging through a resistor.
- Students will be able to define and explain key terms related to capacitor energy storage and discharging in English.
- Students will be able to describe the process of energy storage in a capacitor and its discharge through a resistor using appropriate vocabulary.
- Students will be able to interpret potential-charge graphs and discharge graphs (V-t, Q-t, I-t).
- Students will be able to apply formulas for energy stored (W = 1/2QV, W = 1/2CV2) and time constant (τ = RC) to solve problems, explaining their reasoning in English.
Let’s familiarize ourselves with the key terms for this topic. Төмендегі кестеде осы тақырып бойынша негізгі терминдер берілген.
English Term | Russian Translation (Перевод на русский) | Kazakh Translation (Қазақша аудармасы) |
---|---|---|
Capacitor | Конденсатор | Конденсатор |
Capacitance (C) | Емкость (C) | Сыйымдылық (C) |
Energy Stored (W or E) | Запасенная энергия (W или E) | Сақталған энергия (W немесе E) |
Potential-Charge Graph (V-Q graph) | График потенциал-заряд (график V-Q) | Потенциал-заряд графигі (V-Q графигі) |
Discharging (a capacitor) | Разрядка (конденсатора) | Разрядталу (конденсатордың) |
Resistor (R) | Резистор (R) | Резистор (R) |
Time Constant (τ) | Постоянная времени (τ) | Уақыт тұрақтысы (τ) |
Exponential Decay | Экспоненциальное затухание | Экспоненциалды кему |
Farad (F) | Фарад (Ф) | Фарад (Ф) |
To help you memorize these terms, you can use flashcards. Check out this set on Quizlet (or create your own!):
Search for Capacitor Energy & Discharging Flashcards on Quizlet
Alternatively, create physical flashcards for active recall.
Understand the definitions of key concepts. Төменде негізгі ұғымдардың анықтамалары берілген.
- Capacitor: A device used to store electrical energy, consisting of one or more pairs of conductors separated by an insulator (dielectric).
- Capacitance (C): The ratio of the charge stored on a capacitor to the potential difference across it. C = Q/V. Measured in Farads (F).
- Energy Stored in a Capacitor (W or EP): The electrical potential energy stored in a charged capacitor. It can be found from the
- Discharging a Capacitor: The process by which a capacitor loses its stored charge, typically when connected across a resistor, allowing current to flow.
- Time Constant (τ): For a capacitor discharging through a resistor, the time constant (tau) is the time taken for the charge (or potential difference, or current) to decrease to 1/e (approximately 37%) of its initial value. τ = RC. Measured in seconds (s).
- Exponential Decay: The decrease in a quantity (like charge, voltage, or current during capacitor discharge) where the rate of decrease is
Capacitors are essential components in electronic circuits for storing electrical energy. Understanding how they store energy and how they discharge is crucial.
1. Energy Stored in a Capacitor (W or EP)
When a capacitor is charged, work is done to move charge from one plate to the other against the electric field between the plates. This work done is stored as electrical potential energy in the capacitor.
Consider charging a capacitor. As charge Q accumulates on the plates, the potential difference V across them increases. The relationship is Q = CV, so V = Q/C.
If we plot a graph of potential difference V against charge Q as the capacitor charges, we get a straight line through the origin with a gradient of 1/C.
[Image of График V-Q для конденсатора при зарядке]
The work done in adding a small amount of charge δQ when the potential difference is V is δW = VδQ.
The total work done W to charge the capacitor to a final charge Q and potential difference V is the under the V-Q graph. Since the graph is a triangle:
W = 1/2 Q V
This is the electric potential energy stored in the capacitor.
Using the relationship Q = CV, we can derive two other common forms of the energy equation:
Substituting Q = CV into W = 1/2QV:
W = 1/2 (CV) V = 1/2 C V2
Substituting V = Q/C into W = 1/2QV:
W = 1/2 Q (Q/C) = Q2 / (2C)
So, the three formulas for energy stored are:
- W = 1/2 Q V
- W = 1/2 C V2
- W = Q2 / (2C)
Where W is energy in Joules (J), Q is charge in Coulombs (C), V is potential difference in Volts (V), and C is capacitance in Farads (F).
2. Discharging a Capacitor through a Resistor
When a charged capacitor is connected across a resistor R, it begins to discharge. Charge flows from one plate to the other through the resistor until the capacitor is fully discharged (Q=0, V=0).
The rate at which the capacitor discharges is not constant; it’s an
decay process. This means the charge Q on the capacitor, the potential difference V across it, and the current I in the circuit all decrease exponentially with time.The equations describing this decay are:
- Charge: Q = Q0 e-t/RC
- Potential Difference: V = V0 e-t/RC
- Current: I = I0 e-t/RC (where I0 = V0/R)
Where:
- Q0, V0, I0 are the initial charge, potential difference, and current at t=0.
- e is the base of natural logarithms (≈ 2.718).
- t is time.
- R is resistance.
- C is capacitance.
Graphs of Discharge:
The graphs of Q, V, and I against time t all show an exponential decay curve:
[Image of Графики разрядки конденсатора (Q-t, V-t, I-t)]
- They start at their initial values (Q0, V0, I0) at t=0.
- They decrease rapidly at first, then more slowly.
- They approach zero as t approaches infinity.
3. Time Constant (τ)
The product RC is called the time constant of the circuit, denoted by the Greek letter tau (τ).
τ = RC
The time constant has units of time (seconds). It is a measure of how quickly the capacitor discharges.
- A larger time constant means a slower discharge.
- A smaller time constant means a faster discharge.
After one time constant (t = τ = RC), the charge on the capacitor (and V, and I) will have fallen to e-1 (which is 1/e) of its initial value.
1/e ≈ 0.368 or 36.8%.
So, at t = τ:
- Q = Q0 / e ≈ 0.37 Q0
- V = V0 / e ≈ 0.37 V0
- I = I0 / e ≈ 0.37 I0
This means that in one time constant, the capacitor loses about 63.2% of its charge/voltage/current.
Theoretically, the capacitor never fully discharges (it only approaches zero charge), but for practical purposes, it is often considered fully discharged after about 5 time constants (5τ), when the charge has fallen to less than 1% of its initial value (e-5 ≈ 0.0067).
Check Your Understanding / Өзіңді тексер:
- Easy: How is the energy stored in a capacitor related to the area under a V-Q graph?
[/su_spoiler] - Medium: A 100 µF capacitor is charged to a potential difference of 50 V. Calculate the energy stored.
[/su_spoiler] - Medium: A capacitor of capacitance C is discharging through a resistor R. After how many time constants will the charge on the capacitor fall to approximately 5% of its initial value? (Hint: e-3 ≈ 0.05)
[/su_spoiler] - Hard (Critical Thinking): During the discharge of a capacitor through a resistor, the current decreases exponentially. Since power dissipated in the resistor is P = I2R, does the total energy dissipated in the resistor equal the initial energy stored in the capacitor? Explain your reasoning qualitatively, without performing the full integration.
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Activity 1: Fill in the Blanks
- The energy stored in a capacitor can be found from the area under the _________ vs _________ graph.
- Three formulas for energy stored in a capacitor are W = 1/2QV, W = _________, and W = _________.
- During capacitor discharge through a resistor, the charge decreases _________ with time.
- The time constant (τ) for an RC circuit is given by the product _________.
- After one time constant, the charge on a discharging capacitor drops to approximately _________% of its initial value.
Activity 2: Match the Graph Shape
Match the quantity during capacitor discharge (through a resistor) with the general shape of its graph against time (t):
Quantity: A. Charge (Q) on capacitor B. Potential Difference (V) across capacitor C. Current (I) through resistor D. Resistance (R) of the resistor | Graph Shape: 1. Constant value (horizontal line) 2. Exponential decay curve |
Watch this video for a visual explanation of energy stored in capacitors and their discharge:
This video explains how energy is stored and the formulas involved, plus an introduction to discharging.
Further viewing:
Problem 1: A 470 µF capacitor is charged by a 12 V supply.
a) Calculate the charge stored on the capacitor.
b) Calculate the energy stored in the capacitor.
[Image of Простая схема зарядки конденсатора]
b) W = 1/2CV2 = 1/2 * (470 x 10-6 F) * (12 V)2 = 0.03384 J ≈ 33.8 mJ
(Alternatively, W = 1/2QV = 1/2 * (5.64 x 10-3 C) * (12 V) = 0.03384 J)
Capacitance, C = 470 µF = 470 x 10-6 F
Potential difference, V = 12 V
a) Calculate the charge stored (Q):
The formula relating charge, capacitance, and voltage is:
Q = C * V
Substitute the given values:
Q = (470 x 10-6 F) * (12 V)
Q = 5640 x 10-6 C
Q = 5.64 x 10-3 C
Q = 5.64 mC (milliCoulombs)
b) Calculate the energy stored (W):
We can use the formula W = 1/2CV2:
W = 1/2 * C * V2
W = 1/2 * (470 x 10-6 F) * (12 V)2
W = 0.5 * (470 x 10-6) * 144
W = 0.5 * 0.000470 * 144
W = 0.03384 J
W ≈ 33.8 mJ (milliJoules)
Alternatively, using W = 1/2QV with the calculated Q:
W = 1/2 * Q * V
W = 1/2 * (5.64 x 10-3 C) * (12 V)
W = 0.5 * 0.00564 * 12
W = 0.03384 J
W ≈ 33.8 mJ
Problem 2: A 2200 µF capacitor is charged to 9.0 V and then discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor.
a) Calculate the initial charge on the capacitor.
b) Calculate the time constant for the circuit.
c) Calculate the charge remaining on the capacitor after 5.0 s.
[Image of Схема разрядки конденсатора через резистор]
b) τ = RC = (1.5 x 103 Ω) * (2200 x 10-6 F) = 3.3 s
c) Q = Q0 e-t/τ = (0.0198 C) * e-5.0s / 3.3s = 0.0198 * e-1.515 ≈ 0.0198 * 0.2198 ≈ 0.00435 C ≈ 4.35 mC
Capacitance, C = 2200 µF = 2200 x 10-6 F
Initial potential difference, V0 = 9.0 V
Resistance, R = 1.5 kΩ = 1.5 x 103 Ω
Time, t = 5.0 s
a) Calculate the initial charge (Q0):
Q0 = C * V0
Q0 = (2200 x 10-6 F) * (9.0 V)
Q0 = 0.0198 C
Q0 ≈ 19.8 mC
b) Calculate the time constant (τ):
τ = R * C
τ = (1.5 x 103 Ω) * (2200 x 10-6 F)
τ = 3.3 s
c) Calculate the charge remaining after 5.0 s (Q):
The formula for charge during discharge is Q = Q0 e-t/τ.
Q = (0.0198 C) * e-(5.0 s) / (3.3 s)
Q = 0.0198 * e-1.51515…
Using a calculator, e-1.51515… ≈ 0.21978
Q ≈ 0.0198 * 0.21978 C
Q ≈ 0.0043516 C
Q ≈ 4.35 mC
Explore capacitor behavior using the PhET «Capacitor Lab: Basics» simulation.
Simulation Link: Capacitor Lab: Basics Simulation
You can also embed it using this code (may require your WordPress theme/plugins to support iframes):
Tasks:
- In the «Introduction» tab, connect a battery to a capacitor. Observe how the charge and stored energy change as you vary the battery voltage. How does the capacitance affect the stored charge and energy for a given voltage?
- Use the «Light Bulb» tab. Charge the capacitor fully with the battery. Then, disconnect the battery and connect the capacitor to the light bulb. Observe what happens to the bulb’s brightness and the capacitor’s charge over time.
- Relate your observations in task 2 to the concept of exponential decay and the time constant (though the simulation doesn’t explicitly show τ or allow setting R). How would changing the bulb’s resistance (if possible) or the capacitance affect how long the bulb stays lit?
Task: RC Circuit Analysis with GoConqr or Quizizz
In pairs or small groups:
- Imagine a capacitor C = 500 µF discharging through a resistor R = 10 kΩ. The capacitor is initially charged to V0 = 6V.
- Calculate the time constant (τ) for this circuit.
- Calculate the charge Q, potential difference V, and current I at t = τ.
- Calculate Q, V, and I at t = 2τ.
- Sketch the approximate graphs of Q vs t, V vs t, and I vs t for this discharge, marking the values at t=0, t=τ, and t=2τ.
- Using a tool like GoConqr (e.g., create a mind map or flashcards explaining the process) or Quizizz (create 3-4 questions about your calculations and graph shapes), prepare to share your findings.
Answer the following questions. Show all your working where calculations are required. Use k = 8.99 x 109 N m2 C-2 or 1/(4πε0) where ε0 = 8.85 x 10-12 F m-1, and e ≈ 2.718.
- Analysis/Application: A 25 µF capacitor stores 0.045 J of energy.
a) Calculate the potential difference across the capacitor.
b) Calculate the charge stored on the capacitor.
[/su_spoiler] - Analysis/Synthesis: A capacitor is charged to a potential V0 and stores energy W0. If the charge on the capacitor is then doubled (by connecting to a different supply), what is the new energy stored in terms of W0, assuming the capacitance C remains constant?
[/su_spoiler] - Synthesis/Application: A 10 µF capacitor is charged to 20 V and then allowed to discharge through a 5 kΩ resistor.
a) What is the initial current when the discharge begins?
b) What is the time constant of the circuit?
c) What is the current in the circuit after one time constant?
d) What is the potential difference across the capacitor after 100 ms?
[/su_spoiler] - Analysis/Evaluation: The graph below shows how the charge Q on a capacitor varies with potential difference V as it is charged.
[Image of Линейный график Q-V для конденсатора, проходящий через начало координат]
a) How can the capacitance be determined from this graph?
b) How can the energy stored when the capacitor is charged to a potential V1 (corresponding to charge Q1) be determined from this graph? Explain your method.
[/su_spoiler] - Critical Thinking/Design: You are given a capacitor of unknown capacitance, a variable resistor, a DC power supply of known voltage, a voltmeter, an ammeter, and a stopwatch. Describe an experiment you could perform to determine the time constant of the RC circuit and hence estimate the capacitance of the capacitor. Include the measurements you would take and how you would analyze them.
[/su_spoiler]
- Save My Exams (A-Level Physics CIE — Capacitors):
- Energy Stored: Save My Exams — Energy Stored
- Discharging: Save My Exams — Capacitor Discharge
- PhysicsAndMathsTutor (A-Level CIE — Capacitance): PhysicsAndMathsTutor — Capacitance (Covers energy and discharging)
- Khan Academy:
- Energy of a capacitor: Khan Academy — Energy of a Capacitor
- RC circuit analysis: Khan Academy — RC Circuits
- YouTube — Problem Solving (Capacitor Energy & Discharge): Search for Capacitor Problem Solving Videos
- HyperPhysics (Capacitors): HyperPhysics — Capacitors
Take a few moments to reflect on what you’ve learned:
- How does the area under a potential-charge graph allow you to determine the energy stored in a capacitor?
- Explain the physical meaning of the time constant (τ = RC) in the context of a capacitor discharging. What factors affect how quickly a capacitor discharges?
- Describe a real-world application where the controlled discharge of a capacitor is important.