Learning Objectives

• Understand the basic concepts of electricity, including current, voltage, and resistance.
• Apply Ohm’s Law to solve electrical circuit problems.
• Differentiate between series and parallel circuits and analyze their behavior.

Language Objectives

• Use key terminology accurately to describe electrical concepts.
• Explain the relationships between current, voltage, and resistance using precise language.
• Collaborate in pairs or groups to discuss and solve electrical problems.

Terms (English and Kazakh)

Glossary

• Electric Current: The *flow* of electric charge through a conductor.
  
  Перевод

  Электр тогы
• Voltage: The potential *difference* that drives current through a circuit.
  
  Перевод

  Кернеу
• Resistance: A material’s opposition to the flow of current.
  
  Перевод

  Кедергі
• Ohm’s Law: The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, given by V = IR.
  
  Перевод

  Ом заңы
• Power: The rate at which electrical energy is converted into another form of energy, calculated as P = VI.
  
  Перевод

  Қуат

Theory

Electricity is the flow of electric charges, typically carried by electrons. The main components of electrical systems include:

• Current: Measured in amperes (A), it represents the rate of charge flow.
• Voltage: Measured in volts (V), it is the driving force that pushes the current through a circuit.
• Resistance: Measured in ohms (Ω), it opposes the current flow.

**Ohm’s Law** describes the relationship between these quantities:

V = IR

Where:

• V = Voltage (volts)
• I = Current (amperes)
• R = Resistance (ohms)

**Series Circuits**: All components share the same current, and resistances add up: R_total = R₁ + R₂ + ….

**Parallel Circuits**: Voltage is the same across all branches, and the total resistance is given by: 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ….

Exercises on Terminology

Video Lesson

Examples and Solutions

Example: A circuit has a resistance of 10 Ω and a current of 2 A. Calculate the voltage.

V = IR = 2 A × 10 Ω = 20 V

Using Ohm's Law, V = IR, substitute the given values: I = 2 A and R = 10 Ω. Therefore, V = 2 × 10 = 20 volts.

Example: Two resistors, 6 Ω and 12 Ω, are connected in parallel. Calculate the total resistance.

1/R_total = 1/6 + 1/12 = 2/12 + 1/12 = 3/12

R_total = 12/3 = 4 Ω

The formula for parallel resistance is: 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂. Substituting the values: 1/6 + 1/12 = 3/12 = 1/4. Therefore, R_total = 4 Ω.

Interactive Exercises

Research Task

Use this online simulator to experiment with circuit designs:

Task: Build a series and a parallel circuit in the simulator. Measure the current and voltage for each setup and compare your results.

• In a series circuit, current remains the same while voltage divides across resistors.
• In a parallel circuit, voltage remains the same while current divides across branches.

Group Activity

In groups, design a circuit that includes both series and parallel components. Draw the circuit diagram and calculate the total resistance, current, and voltage for each component. Present your solution to the class.