- 18.5.4 Understand how the concept of electric potential leads to the electric potential energy of two point charges and use EP = Qq/(4πε0r).
- Students will be able to define and explain key terms related to electric potential and electric potential energy in English.
- Students will be able to discuss the relationship between electric potential and electric potential energy using appropriate vocabulary.
- Students will be able to apply the formula EP = Qq/(4πε0r) to solve problems, explaining their reasoning in English.
Let’s familiarize ourselves with the key terms for this topic. Төмендегі кестеде осы тақырып бойынша негізгі терминдер берілген.
English Term | Russian Translation (Перевод на русский) | Kazakh Translation (Қазақша аудармасы) |
---|---|---|
Electric Potential (V) | Электрический потенциал (V) | Электрлік потенциал (V) |
Electric Potential Energy (EP or U) | Электрическая потенциальная энергия (EP или U) | Электрлік потенциалдық энергия (EP немесе U) |
Work Done | Совершенная работа | Атқарылған жұмыс |
Point Charge | Точечный заряд | Нүктелік заряд |
Volt (V) | Вольт (В) | Вольт (В) |
Joule (J) | Джоуль (Дж) | Джоуль (Дж) |
Permittivity of free space (ε0) | Диэлектрическая проницаемость вакуума (ε0) | Бос кеңістіктің диэлектрлік өтімділігі (ε0) |
To help you memorize these terms, you can use flashcards. Check out this set on Quizlet (or create your own!):
Search for Electric Potential Energy Flashcards on Quizlet
Alternatively, create physical flashcards for active recall.
Understand the definitions of key concepts. Төменде негізгі ұғымдардың анықтамалары берілген.
- Electric Potential (V): The work done per unit positive charge in bringing a small test charge from infinity to a point in an electric field. It is a scalar quantity, measured in Volts (V), where 1 Volt = 1 Joule per Coulomb (J C-1). Formula for potential due to a point charge Q: V = Q / (4πε0r).
- Electric Potential Energy (EP or U): The energy a charge has due to its position in an electric field. For two point charges Q and q separated by a distance r, the electric potential energy is the work done to bring charge q from infinity to that point in the field of Q. Formula: EP = Qq / (4πε0r). It is a scalar quantity, measured in Joules (J).
- Work Done (in an electric field): When a charge q is moved through a potential difference ΔV, the work done W on the charge is given by W = qΔV. This work done changes the electric potential energy of the charge.
Previously, we discussed electric fields and forces. Now, we’ll explore the concepts of electric potential and electric potential energy, which are related to the work done when moving charges in an electric field.
1. Electric Potential (V)
Electric potential at a point in an electric field is defined as the work done per unit positive charge in bringing a small positive test charge from infinity (where potential is defined as zero) to that point.
V = W / q
Where:
- V is the electric potential in Volts (V).
- W is the work done in Joules (J).
- q is the charge in Coulombs (C).
1 Volt = 1 Joule per Coulomb (1 V = 1 J C-1). Electric potential is a scalar quantity.
For a point charge Q, the electric potential V at a distance r from the charge is given by:
V = Q / (4πε0r) or V = kQ / r
Where:
- Q is the source charge creating the potential.
- ε0 is the permittivity of free space (8.85 x 10-12 F m-1).
- r is the distance from the source charge.
- k is Coulomb’s constant (≈ 8.99 x 109 N m2 C-2).
The potential is positive if Q is positive and negative if Q is negative.
2. Electric Potential Energy (EP)
Electric potential energy is the energy a charge possesses by
of its position in an electric field. When a charge q is at a point where the electric potential is V, its electric potential energy EP is:EP = qV
Now, consider two point charges, Q (source charge) and q (test charge), separated by a distance r. The potential V at distance r due to Q is V = Q / (4πε0r).
Therefore, the electric potential energy EP of the charge q placed at this point (i.e., the electric potential energy of the system of two charges) is:
EP = q * [Q / (4πε0r)]
EP = Qq / (4πε0r) or EP = kQq / r
This formula gives the electric potential energy of two point charges Q and q separated by a distance r.
- If Q and q have the same sign (both positive or both negative), EP is positive. This means work must be done to bring like charges together (they repel).
- If Q and q have opposite signs, EP is negative. This means energy is released when opposite charges are brought together (they attract), or work must be done to separate them.
The zero of potential energy is typically taken when the charges are infinitely far apart (r = ∞).
Relationship between Electric Potential and Electric Field Strength
For a uniform electric field, the electric field strength E is related to the potential difference ΔV (or V) between two points separated by a distance d (along the field lines) by:
E = -ΔV / Δx or more simply E = V / d (for magnitude in a uniform field)
The negative sign indicates that the electric field points in the direction of decreasing potential. Electric potential is a scalar, while electric field is a vector.
Check Your Understanding / Өзіңді тексер:
- Easy: What is the difference between electric potential and electric potential energy?
[/su_spoiler] - Medium: Calculate the electric potential energy of two point charges, +2.0 nC and -3.0 nC, separated by a distance of 0.050 m in a vacuum. (k ≈ 8.99 x 109 N m2 C-2)
[/su_spoiler] - Medium: If the electric potential at a point is +50 V, how much work is done to bring a charge of +2 µC from infinity to this point?
[/su_spoiler] - Hard (Critical Thinking): Three identical positive point charges (+Q) are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side length ‘a’. What is the total electric potential energy of this system of charges? Explain how you arrive at your answer.
[/su_spoiler]
Activity 1: Fill in the Blanks
- Electric potential is the _________ per unit positive charge to move a charge from infinity to a point.
- The unit of electric potential is the _________, and the unit of electric potential energy is the _________.
- The formula for electric potential energy between two point charges Q and q separated by distance r is EP = _________.
- If two positive charges are brought closer together, their electric potential energy _________.
- If a positive and a negative charge are moved further apart, their electric potential energy becomes _________ (less negative/more positive).
Activity 2: True or False?
- Electric potential energy is a vector quantity.
- If the electric potential at a point is zero, the electric field strength at that point must also be zero.
- The electric potential energy of two unlike charges is always negative.
- Work must be done to move a positive charge from a region of low potential to a region of high potential.
Watch this video for a visual explanation of electric potential and potential energy:
This video explains the concepts of electric potential and electric potential energy, and how they relate to work done.
Problem 1: Two point charges, Q1 = +4.0 nC and Q2 = -6.0 nC, are separated by 0.20 m. Calculate the electric potential energy of this pair of charges. (ε0 = 8.85 x 10-12 F m-1)
[/su_spoiler] [/su_spoiler]Problem 2: An alpha particle (charge +2e, where e = 1.60 x 10-19 C) is moved from a point where the electric potential is +500 V to a point where the potential is +100 V. Calculate the work done on the alpha particle by the electric field.
[/su_spoiler] [/su_spoiler]Revisit the PhET «Charges and Fields» simulation, this time focusing on potential.
Simulation Link: Charges and Fields Simulation
Tasks:
- Place a single positive charge. Use the «Voltage» sensor (voltmeter tool). How does the electric potential change as you move the sensor radially away from the charge? How does it change if you move circumferentially (in a circle around the charge)?
- What are equipotential lines? Observe them for a single positive charge and for a dipole (one positive, one negative charge). How are equipotential lines related to electric field lines?
- Place two large parallel lines of opposite charges to create a uniform field. Use the voltage sensor to measure the potential at different points between the plates. How does potential change as you move from the positive plate to the negative plate? What can you say about equipotential lines in this uniform field?
Task: Potential Energy Scenarios
In pairs or small groups:
- Consider a system of three point charges: q1 = +Q, q2 = -Q, and q3 = +2Q, placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle with side length ‘s’.
- Calculate the total electric potential energy of this system. Show your steps clearly. Remember to sum the potential energy for each unique pair of charges.
- Discuss: If q3 were to be moved very far away (to infinity), would work be done by the electric field or against the electric field? Would the potential energy of the remaining q1-q2 system increase or decrease? Explain your reasoning.
- Prepare a brief presentation of your calculations and discussion points.
Answer the following questions. Show all your working where calculations are required. Use k = 8.99 x 109 N m2 C-2 or 1/(4πε0) where ε0 = 8.85 x 10-12 F m-1.
- Analysis: A proton (charge +1.6 x 10-19 C) is released from rest at a point where the electric potential is +120 V. It moves to a point where the potential is +40 V.
a) Calculate the change in electric potential energy of the proton.
b) Calculate the work done by the electric field on the proton.
c) What is the kinetic energy of the proton at the point where the potential is +40 V?
[/su_spoiler] - Analysis/Synthesis: Two point charges, QA = +5.0 µC and QB = -2.0 µC, are initially separated by a distance of 10.0 cm.
a) Calculate the initial electric potential energy of the system.
b) If QB is moved so that the separation becomes 20.0 cm, calculate the new electric potential energy of the system.
c) How much work was done by an external agent to move QB? Did the external agent do positive or negative work?
[/su_spoiler] - Synthesis: Explain why electric potential is a useful concept even though it’s a scalar quantity, while the electric field (a vector) directly describes the force on a charge.
[/su_spoiler] - Application/Analysis: The electric potential at a distance ‘r’ from a point charge Q is 450 V. The electric field strength at the same point is 1500 N C-1. Determine the values of ‘r’ and ‘Q’.
[/su_spoiler] - Critical Thinking/Evaluation: «If the electric potential energy of a system of two charges is zero, it means there are no charges present or they are infinitely far apart.» Critically evaluate this statement. Is it always true? Can you think of a scenario where EP = 0 but charges are present and at a finite distance?
[/su_spoiler]
- Save My Exams (A-Level Physics CIE — Electric Potential): Save My Exams — Electric Potential
- PhysicsAndMathsTutor (A-Level CIE — Electric Potential): PhysicsAndMathsTutor — Electric Fields (includes potential)
- Khan Academy (Electric potential energy): Khan Academy — Electric Potential Energy
- HyperPhysics (Electric Potential Energy): HyperPhysics — Electric Potential Energy
Take a few moments to reflect on what you’ve learned:
- How does electric potential differ from electric potential energy? Why are both concepts important?
- Explain in your own words how the formula EP = Qq/(4πε0r) is derived from the concept of electric potential.
- Can electric potential energy be negative? If so, what does a negative EP signify for two point charges?