- Understand that amount of substance is an SI base quantity with unit mol
- Use molar quantities: one mole contains (N_A) particles (Avogadro constant)
- Recognize an ideal gas obeys (pVpropto T) and apply (pV = nRT) and (pV = NkT)
- Recall (k = tfrac{R}{N_A}) and state the basic kinetic theory assumptions
- Use terms “amount of substance,” “Avogadro constant,” “ideal gas,” “Boltzmann constant,” “mean free path” accurately
- Explain relationships between macroscopic and microscopic quantities in clear English
- Interpret formulae and define each symbol precisely
- Discuss idealizations and assumptions with correct academic vocabulary
| English Term | Russian | Kazakh |
|---|---|---|
| Amount of substance (n) | Количество вещества (n) | Зат мөлшері (n) |
| Avogadro constant ((N_A)) | Постоянная Авогадро ((N_A)) | Авогадро тұрақтысы ((N_A)) |
| Ideal gas | Идеальный газ | Идеал газ |
| Universal gas constant (R) | Универсальная газовая постоянная (R) | Универсалды газ тұрақтысы (R) |
| Boltzmann constant (k) | Постоянная Больцмана (k) | Больцман тұрақтысы (k) |
| Kinetic theory of gases | Кинетическая теория газов | Газдардың кинетикалық теориясы |
Mole
Definition: The amount of substance containing (N_A) particles
Value: (6.022times10^{23})
Ideal Gas
Definition: A hypothetical gas obeying (pVpropto T)
Equation: (pV = nRT), (pV = NkT)
Boltzmann Constant
Definition: (k = tfrac{R}{N_A})
Value: (1.38times10^{-23},mathrm{J/K})
Kinetic Theory
Assumptions: Particles in random motion, elastic collisions, negligible volume
Amount of substance (n)
The quantity measuring number of particles in a system, with unit mol.
Russian: Количество вещества — величина, характеризующая число частиц в системе, единица — моль.Kazakh: Зат мөлшері — жүйедегі бөлшектер санын сипаттайтын шамасы, өлшем бірлігі — моль.
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Ideal gas
A gas model in which particles do not interact except by elastic collisions, so (pVpropto T).
Russian: Модель газа, в котором частицы не взаимодействуют, кроме как при упругих столкновениях, поэтому (pVpropto T).Kazakh: Бөлшектері тек серпімді соқтығыстар арқылы әрекет ететін газ моделі, сондықтан (pVpropto T).
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Boltzmann constant (k)
The constant linking macroscopic and microscopic gas laws: (k = tfrac{R}{N_A}).
Russian: Константа, связывающая макро- и микрозаконы газа: (k = R/N_A).Kazakh: Газ заңдарының макро- және микрошағылғандарын байланыстыратын тұрақты: (k = R/N_A).
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Kinetic theory of gases
A theory assuming gas particles in random motion, negligible volume, no forces except collisions, and elastic collisions.
Russian: Теория, предполагающая, что частицы газа находятся в хаотическом движении, имеют пренебрежимо малый объем, не взаимодействуют, кроме столкновений, и столкновения упруги.Kazakh: Газ бөлшектерінің кездейсоқ қозғалыста екенін, көлемі ескерілмейтінін, соқтығыстардан басқа әрекеттеспейтінін және серпімді соқтығыстар болатынын болжайтын теория.
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One -mole- of any substance contains (N_A) particles, where (N_Aapprox6.022times10^{23}) (Avogadro constant). An -ideal gas- obeys (pVpropto T); quantitatively:
(pV = nRT) and (pV = N k T)
The Boltzmann constant links them:
(k = tfrac{R}{N_A}).
The -kinetic theory of gases- assumes:
- Particles in random motion
- Elastic collisions between particles and walls
- Negligible particle volume
- No intermolecular forces except during collisions
Fill in the Blanks
- One mole contains ______ particles.
- Ideal gas law: ______ = nRT.
- Microscopic form: pV = ______ kT.
- Boltzmann constant: k = ______/N_A.
- Assume particles undergo ______ collisions.
Additional Video Resources:
Example 1: Moles from Mass
Find moles of 18.0 g H₂O (molar mass = 18.0 g/mol).
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Example 2: Pressure of Ideal Gas
Calculate pressure of 2.00 mol gas at 300 K in 5.00 L container. ((R=8.314))
Explore the Ideal Gas Law with PhET:
In groups, complete this Quizizz on moles & gas laws:
Solve these structured questions:
- Derive (pV = nRT) from hypothetical kinetic theory assumptions.
- Given N = (1.204times10^{24}) molecules at 273 K in 10 L, find p.
- Explain why real gases deviate from ideal behavior at high pressure.
- Design a method to measure (N_A) using electrolytic deposition.
- Critically compare Maxwell–Boltzmann vs quantum statistics for gas particles at low T.
- Which concept (mole, ideal gas law, kinetic theory) was most challenging?
- How would you explain the significance of (k = R/N_A) to a peer?
- What approximations in the ideal gas model are reasonable for real gases?
- Set one goal to deepen your understanding of molecular behavior in gases.