General physics
    Об уроке
    Understand the objectives:

    Learning Objectives

    • Understand the structure and components of D.C. (Direct Current) circuits.
    • Analyze the behavior of series and parallel D.C. circuits.
    • Apply Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s laws to solve D.C. circuit problems.

    Language Objectives

    • Accurately use key terms to describe D.C. circuits and their properties.
    • Explain circuit concepts and solutions using precise language.
    • Collaborate with peers to solve circuit problems and present solutions.
    Learn key terms:

    Terms (English and Kazakh)

    English TermKazakh Term
    Direct Current (D.C.)Тұрақты ток
    VoltageКернеу
    ResistanceКедергі
    Series CircuitТізбекті схема
    Parallel CircuitПараллельді схема
    Learn the glossary:

    Glossary

    • Direct Current (D.C.): A type of electrical current where the flow of charge is in one constant direction.
      Перевод
      Тұрақты ток — электр тогының зарядтың бір бағытта тұрақты ағымымен сипатталатын түрі.
    • Voltage: The potential difference that drives current through a circuit, measured in volts (V).
      Перевод
      Кернеу — тізбекте токты жүргізетін потенциалдар айырмашылығы.
    • Resistance: A measure of a material’s opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω).
      Перевод
      Кедергі — электр тогына қарсыласу өлшемі, ол Оммен өлшенеді.
    • Series Circuit: A circuit in which all components are connected end-to-end, so the same current flows through each.
      Перевод
      Тізбекті схема — барлық компоненттер бір-бірімен жалғасқан тізбек, онда бірдей ток өтеді.
    • Parallel Circuit: A circuit in which components are connected across common points, providing multiple paths for current.
      Перевод
      Параллельді схема — компоненттер ортақ нүктелермен жалғасады, бірнеше ток жолын қамтамасыз етеді.
    Understand the theory:

    Theory

    A **D.C. circuit** involves direct current, where the flow of electrons is unidirectional. The behavior of components in a D.C. circuit is determined by key properties such as -resistance-, -voltage-, and -current-.

    **Ohm’s Law** forms the foundation of understanding D.C. circuits and is expressed as:

    V = IR

    Where:

    • V = Voltage (volts)
    • I = Current (amperes)
    • R = Resistance (ohms)

    **Series Circuits**: Components are connected in a line, and the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances:

    Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3

    **Parallel Circuits**: Components are connected across common points, and the total resistance is given by:

    1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

    Series and Parallel Circuits

    Practice the terms:

    Exercises on Terminology


    Watch the video lesson:

    Video Lesson


    Learn from examples:

    Examples and Solutions

    Example: A circuit has a resistance of 5 Ω and a current of 2 A. Calculate the voltage.

    V = IR = 2 A × 5 Ω = 10 V

    Detailed Solution

    Using Ohm's Law, V = IR, substitute the given values: I = 2 A and R = 5 Ω. Therefore, V = 2 × 5 = 10 volts.

    Solve exercises:

    Interactive Exercises


    Answers
    • Question 1: Correct Answer: XYZ
    • Question 2: Correct Answer: ABC
    Explore with a simulator:

    Research Task

    Use this simulator to explore D.C. circuits:

    Task: Build both a series and a parallel circuit in the simulator. Measure current and voltage for each component. Record your observations.

    Sample Observations
    • In series circuits, the current remains constant, and voltage divides across components.
    • In parallel circuits, voltage remains constant across branches, and current divides.
    Collaborate in groups:

    Group Activity

    Work in groups to design a complex circuit combining series and parallel connections. Calculate the total resistance, current, and voltage for each component. Present your solution to the class or online forum.

    Reflect on your learning:

    Reflection

    Reflect on today’s lesson by answering the following questions:

    • What are the key differences between series and parallel circuits?
    • How does Ohm’s Law help in analyzing D.C. circuits?
    • What was the most challenging concept in this lesson, and how can you overcome it?

    Write your reflections in a journal or discuss them with a peer.