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AS level
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Physical quantities and units
Kinematics
Dynamics
Forces, density and pressure
Deformation of solids
Waves
Superposition
Electricity
DC Circuits
Particle physics
Dynamics (extra)
Deformation, Newton's Laws, Conservation laws, Gravity
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Deformation of Solids
03:33
Gravitational field
00:00
Work. Power. Energy
00:00
Orbits and Satellires
00:00
Momentum. Conservation of momentum
A Level
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Circular motion
Gravitational fields
Temperature
Ideal gases
Thermodynamics
Oscillations
Electric fields
Capacitance
Magnetic fields
Alternating currents
Quantum physics
Nuclear physics
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Lesson objectives 11-12 Grade
00:00
General physics
Об уроке
Learning Objectives:

Learning Objectives

  • Understand the fundamental laws of thermodynamics.
  • Learn how thermodynamic systems work and their real-world applications.
  • Analyze processes involving energy, heat, and work.
Language Goals:

Language Goals

  • Learn and use vocabulary related to thermodynamics.
  • Practice explaining thermodynamic processes in English.
  • Improve comprehension of scientific texts about thermodynamics.
Terminology:

Terminology

Term (English) Translation (Kazakh)
Thermodynamics Термодинамика
System Жүйе
Heat Жылу
Entropy Энтропия
Work Жұмыс
Glossary:

Glossary

Thermodynamics: The branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat, work, and energy.

Перевод
Жылу, жұмыс және энергия арасындағы байланыстармен айналысатын физика саласы.

Entropy: A measure of disorder or randomness in a system.

Перевод
Жүйедегі тәртіпсіздік немесе кездейсоқтықтың өлшемі.

System: A defined region of space being studied.

Перевод
Зерттелетін кеңістіктің анықталған аймағы.

Work: Energy transferred by a force acting through a distance.

Перевод
Қашықтық арқылы әрекет ететін күш арқылы тасымалданатын энергия.

Theory:

Theory

Thermodynamics is the study of energy, heat, and work in a defined *system*. It is governed by the following laws:

  1. First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed. (Also known as the law of conservation of energy.)
  2. Second Law: The total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.
  3. Third Law: As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy approaches a constant value.

For example, when a gas expands, its particles gain -heat- energy, which increases their kinetic energy. This is a central concept of the first law of thermodynamics.

Exercises on Memorization:

Exercises on Memorization

  1. Define «entropy» in your own words.
  2. Explain the first law of thermodynamics with an example.
  3. Match the following terms to their definitions:
    • Heat
    • Work
    • System
    • Entropy
Video Tutorial:

Video Tutorial


Examples:

Examples

Example: Calculate the work done by a gas that expands from 1 L to 3 L at a constant pressure of 2 atm.

Work calculation example

Solution
Work (W) = P × ΔV = (2 atm)(3 — 1 L) = 4 L·atm.
Convert to joules: 1 L·atm ≈ 101.3 J, so W = 4 × 101.3 = 405.2 J.
Investigation Task:

Investigation Task

Use the simulation below to explore heat transfer and entropy changes:


Answer
When heat is added to a system, particles move faster, increasing entropy. Removing heat slows particles and decreases entropy.
Collaborative Activity:

Collaborative Activity

In pairs or groups, discuss the implications of the second law of thermodynamics on energy efficiency in engines. Propose strategies to reduce energy loss in practical systems.

Additional Resources:

Additional Resources

Visit Save My Exams for more practice questions and resources on thermodynamics.

Reflection:

Reflection

Reflect on today’s lesson by answering the following:

  • What is one key principle of thermodynamics you learned today?
  • What challenges did you face understanding these concepts?
  • How can thermodynamics be applied to everyday life?
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