Learning Objectives

• Understand the structure and components of D.C. (Direct Current) circuits.
• Analyze the behavior of series and parallel D.C. circuits.
• Apply Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s laws to solve D.C. circuit problems.

Language Objectives

• Accurately use key terms to describe D.C. circuits and their properties.
• Explain circuit concepts and solutions using precise language.
• Collaborate with peers to solve circuit problems and present solutions.

Terms (English and Kazakh)

Glossary

• Direct Current (D.C.): A type of electrical current where the flow of charge is in one constant direction.
  
  Перевод

  Тұрақты ток — электр тогының зарядтың бір бағытта тұрақты ағымымен сипатталатын түрі.
• Voltage: The potential difference that drives current through a circuit, measured in volts (V).
  
  Перевод

  Кернеу — тізбекте токты жүргізетін потенциалдар айырмашылығы.
• Resistance: A measure of a material’s opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω).
  
  Перевод

  Кедергі — электр тогына қарсыласу өлшемі, ол Оммен өлшенеді.
• Series Circuit: A circuit in which all components are connected end-to-end, so the same current flows through each.
  
  Перевод

  Тізбекті схема — барлық компоненттер бір-бірімен жалғасқан тізбек, онда бірдей ток өтеді.
• Parallel Circuit: A circuit in which components are connected across common points, providing multiple paths for current.
  
  Перевод

  Параллельді схема — компоненттер ортақ нүктелермен жалғасады, бірнеше ток жолын қамтамасыз етеді.

Theory

A **D.C. circuit** involves direct current, where the flow of electrons is unidirectional. The behavior of components in a D.C. circuit is determined by key properties such as -resistance-сопротивление, -voltage-напряжение, and -current-ток.

**Ohm’s Law** forms the foundation of understanding D.C. circuits and is expressed as:

V = IR

Where:

• V = Voltage (volts)
• I = Current (amperes)
• R = Resistance (ohms)

**Series Circuits**: Components are connected in a line, and the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances:

R_total = R₁ + R₂ + R₃

**Parallel Circuits**: Components are connected across common points, and the total resistance is given by:

1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃

Exercises on Terminology

Video Lesson

Examples and Solutions

Example: A circuit has a resistance of 5 Ω and a current of 2 A. Calculate the voltage.

V = IR = 2 A × 5 Ω = 10 V

Using Ohm's Law, V = IR, substitute the given values: I = 2 A and R = 5 Ω. Therefore, V = 2 × 5 = 10 volts.

Interactive Exercises

Research Task

Use this simulator to explore D.C. circuits:

Task: Build both a series and a parallel circuit in the simulator. Measure current and voltage for each component. Record your observations.

• In series circuits, the current remains constant, and voltage divides across components.
• In parallel circuits, voltage remains constant across branches, and current divides.

Group Activity

Work in groups to design a complex circuit combining series and parallel connections. Calculate the total resistance, current, and voltage for each component. Present your solution to the class or online forum.

Reflection

Reflect on today’s lesson by answering the following questions:

• What are the key differences between series and parallel circuits?
• How does Ohm’s Law help in analyzing D.C. circuits?
• What was the most challenging concept in this lesson, and how can you overcome it?

Write your reflections in a journal or discuss them with a peer.